![]() ![]() Respiratory rates can be utilized along with breathing patterns to both diagnose and monitor a person’s health conditions when it comes to pulmonary diseases. Hence, continuous monitoring of respiratory rate can help minimizing life-threatening occurrences, especially for patients with respiratory and cardiovascular problems. In addition, irregular cardiac rhythms and breathing cessation are thought to be the underlying triggers of sudden adult death syndrome (SADS) and infant sudden death syndrome (SIDS), which is the third leading cause of infant mortality. In addition, remote breathing rate monitoring helps screening people infected with COVID-19 by detecting abnormal respiratory patterns. Therefore, continuous breathing rate monitoring is required to evaluate the progress of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 are usually hospitalized for close monitoring and supportive care, where indicators of severe disease are marked Tachypnea (breathing rate, ≥ 30 breaths per minute). In the same vein, SARS-CoV-2 has also been a very significant cause of concerns. It has a major impact on society and it is currently receiving a great deal of attention. The latter, which is caused by a coronavirus, induces severe respiratory illness to many. Īn accurate measurement of the RR is essential for vital signs monitoring (i.e., RR, oxygen saturation, temperature, blood pressure, pulse/heart rate, and alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive (AVPU) response) of patients with breathing troubles such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COVID-19. A change in RR is often the first sign of deterioration as the body attempts to maintain oxygen delivery to the tissues. The respiratory rate (RR), or the number of breaths per minute, is a clinical parameter that represents ventilation, i.e., the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Illustration of human respiratory system. In addition, the respiratory system has other secondary functions including filtering, warming, and humidifying the inhaled air. Exhalation starts after the gas exchange and the air containing carbon dioxide begins to return across the bronchial pathways back out to the external ambient through the nose or mouth. Gases exchanges occur at the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the lung capillaries in exchange with carbon dioxide. These tubes form a multitude of pathways within the lung that terminate at the end with a link to the alveoli. Each bronchus is divided into two smaller branches to form bronchial tubes. When inhaling, the air flow passes through the larynx and the trachea, and then splits into two bronchi. ![]() 1 illustrates the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tract regions. ![]() Oxygen is transferred from the external ambient into our bloodstream, while carbon dioxide is expelled outside. Tte main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange. These radar chips are discussed and their measured performances are summarized and compared. While, numerous integrated solutions have been reported for non-contact techniques, such as continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar and ultrawideband (UWB) pulsed radar. On the other hand, many reported contact methods are mainly implemented using discrete components. However, non-contact methods show some disadvantages such as the higher set-up complexity compared to contact ones. Remote breathing monitoring allows screening people infected with COVID-19 by detecting abnormal respiratory patterns. It is known that with non-contact monitoring, the patient is not tied to an instrument, which improves patients’ comfort and enhances the accuracy of extracted breathing activity, since the distress generated by a contact device is avoided. We review in this paper recent implementations of breathing monitoring techniques, where both contact and remote approaches are presented. Breathing rate monitoring is a must for hospitalized patients with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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